An Ideal Treat

Ideals Christmas 2023, from the editors of "Ideals"

This is another nice issue of "Ideals"—what can I say, I like the mix of poems, photos, essays, and artwork in these annual issues (but I still miss their autumn/Thanksgiving one; seems like all they do is Christmas and Easter now).

The essays are pretty nice this year, including the latest from Pamela Kennedy. I've been following her for years. She used to write essays about her kids, now she's writing essays about her grandchildren. It's like having a window into her life. The Christmas caroling and book essays were the best.

I discovered a lovely Nativity poem by C.S. Lewis. The winter poems are less corny than the Christmas ones. Loved the photo of the bookstore and the sleigh ride painting.

Winter—and Christmas—in Suffolk

A Suffolk Christmas, compiled by Humphrey Phelps

I found the first of these Sutton Christmas anthologies (A Worcestershire Christmas, if you care) at a library book sale several years back, and another at a second library sale a couple of years later. These contain short excerpts of Christmas/Christmastide passages from various British novels, memoirs, and poetry books, with the action taking place in the shire or historical era denoted in the title

This Suffolk book is a little lacking in Christmasy entries; a lot of them seem to be just generic winter entries, no less interesting, but a little disappointing after some of the other volumes. Suffolk and Norfolk are the two easternmost counties in England, and in general they enjoy "soft" weather at Christmas. But snowy Christmases take the fore in many of the stories, which range from 19th century feasts and customs to a 1971 retrospective of a 20th century celebration. Christmas in the marketplace is a popular theme in Suffolk's country setting, also carol singing among the country estates, Nativity plays, the pantomime, several ghost stories, vicarage parties, and even an account of a vet's Christmas day.

Still worthwhile reading, but a few too many out-of-season entries for my taste.

An Annual Favorite

Re-read: A Christmas Carol, Charles Dickens
This never gets old. I've watched and listened to many versions of the Carol, but nothing satisfies so well as the book, especially if you find the perfect version.

This one is mine.

Treat yourself and read the book!

Another Dose...

Chicken Soup for the Soul: The Magic of Christmas, edited by Amy Neumark

I think I'm going to give up reading these books. The stories are starting to be monotonously alike—and the same names keep popping up on the stories; how many heartwarming moments can happen to the same people? In this edition I was expecting Hanukkah and New Year stories, but there are a large bulk of Thanksgiving stories here.

Welcome to "Zommerzet"

A Somerset Christmas, edited by John Chandler

I found the first of these Sutton Christmas anthologies (A Worcestershire Christmas, if you care) at a library book sale several years back, and another at a library sale a couple of years later. Anyway, these collections contain short excerpts of Christmas/Christmastide passages from various British novels, histories, memoirs, and poetry books, with the action taking place in the shire or historical era denoted in the title.

The Somerset book is a very nice collection of essays and excerpts from the early 1800s all the way to the mid-1960s: accounts of wassailing parties (including an unusual version of the "12 Days of Christmas"), a different version of the St. George mumming play that includes an Admiral (not unusual since it is a seafaring area), a very interesting look into the history of the first Christmas card (including some different contenders for the title), several pieces on "unique to Somerset" Christmas carols, a ghost story, unique to Somerset beliefs about the Christmas and New Year season, and a story about the Glastonbury Thorn, among others, with the usual complement of advertisements, broadsides, artists' work, photographs, and other media to brighten each page.

In addition, there's the usual jokes about the "Zommerzet" accent unique to the area.

Georgiana and Darcy Do Christmas...Murder

God Rest Ye, Royal Gentlemen, Rhys Bowen

This is another delightful entry in Bowen's "her royal spyness" series featuring Lady Georgiana Rannoch and her husband, Darcy O'Mara. They're now settled at Eynsleigh, the lovely little estate Georgie's stepfather is allowing them to use, and they plan to have a nice small Christmas party with Georgie's grandfather, her brother and sister-in-law and their kids, and maybe her mother, if she's not off playing footie with her German husband.

Instead, Darcy receives a note from his lonely Aunt Ermintrude, asking them to spend Christmas at a grace-and-favor cottage on the Sandringham estate. Georgie finds out it's because she's been summoned by Queen Mary once again to keep an eye on the Prince of Wales, known to his family as "David," and his unsuitable, constant girlfriend, Wallis Simpson, an American divorcee. But there's danger in the household: in the previous December, two men attached to the royal household died in mysterious circumstances. Now it seems as if the Prince of Wales is in danger as "accidents" keep happening again, including the death of a brilliant rider and an almost fatal shooting during a hunt in which the King is present.

I did actually suspect who was behind the killings early, and you may, too, given the broad hints provided, but the details of a country house Christmas gone wrong and the combination of characters make this a fun Yuletide read—with a nice surprise (that I also guessed) at the end.

"Jingle Bells" ... NOT a Christmas Song!

Third Sunday of Advent:

Even though "Jingle Bells" is a universal musical trigger to begin thinking "Christmas," the song, originally called "The One-Horse Open Sleigh," was written by James Lord Pierpont to be sung in a Thanksgiving pageant (in those days of the Little Ice Age, snow in New England and the northern US often started as early as November); indeed, it doesn't mention Christmas at all. It's actually a dating song, the 19th century equivalent of taking your best girl out in your convertible on a summer night. Young ladies were usually not allowed to go out with young men they were not engaged to unless they had a chaperone. However, a one-horse open sleigh, with just room for two and used in public in freezing weather, was considered relatively safe for a young lady to ride with her beau alone. These sleighs were considered the equivalent of sports cars and sleigh racing between young men and their ladies was common. That's why there's a verse about the "bob-tailed nag" who's "2:40 for his speed"—a mile done by a trotting horse in two minutes and forty seconds was considered quite fast in the day.

Other fun facts about sleighs and sleigh bells:

• Contrary to what you see or hear, roads in those days were not necessarily plowed; instead big shire horses pulled rollers over the snow to smooth it out for sleighing.
• Sleigh bells were originally made in two halves and soldered together, later bells were cast in one piece. Bells could be either single-throated (with one open slash) or double-throated (with a cross slash).
• Sleigh bells were originally made like cowbells, and then like cones.
• There were different brands and types of sleigh bells; some were on the harness, some on the shafts of the sleigh. Brands were Swiss Pole Chimes, Mikado Chimes, King Henry Bells, and Dexter Body Straps. Some sleigh bells, like those of Conestoga wagons, were mounted on an arch of metal over the horse's collar.
• Sleigh bells weren't put on horses to sound pretty. People all wore thick hats or earmuffs against the cold in those days. A sleigh is a fairly silent vehicle since the runners make almost no sound and the horse's hoofs are muffled by the snow, and they can't stop on a dime. The bells are a safety device to warn pedestrians!
  
  

* some facts are from Eric Sloane's The Seasons of America's Past.

What Happens When You Love Christmas...but You're Jewish?

The Matzah Ball, Jean Meltzer
For years, Christmas has been Rachel Rubenstein-Goldblatt's safe place. The daughter of a famous rabbi and a fertility physician, she battles both Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and the naysayers who claim it doesn't exist; although a devout Jew she both collects Christmas kitsch and writes famous Christmas romances under the name Margot Cross, both which she keeps secret from her parents. However, this year her pushy publisher wants to branch out and asks her to write a Hanukkah romance. (Frankly, I don't blame Rachel; the publisher just wants to do this so the company can say they're behind diversity, which is annoying.) Rachel feels lost after years of writing Christmas stories, and thinks she can get ahold of the proper spirit if she attends the Matzah Ball, a big specialty blowout dance for wealthy Jewish people. But all the tickets are sold out...unless she can get one from Jacob Greenberg, who's running the event, and also the boy who broke her heart at age 12 at Camp Ahava.

The characters in this are...okay. I sympathized with Rachel, who basically has a condition a lot of doctors don't believe in and who suffers terribly if she exerts herself too much, and how she didn't want her conservative parents to know her secrets. She's also been burdened for years with the idea that as the famous rabbi's daughter she was required to be Miss Perfect. Jacob also has had his problems: his mother was also chronically ill (from a different disease) and he grew up throwing himself into his work in order to escape his fears and his guilt.

Other things didn't gel too well. Except for Jacob's wonderful bubbie Toby, my favorite character in the book, all the people in the novel seem to be rich and I couldn't relate to them. The whole Matzah Ball thing seemed so over-the-top compared to the sort of amusements my Jewish friends partake in. It also struck me as weird that Jacob and Rachel couldn't get over this "thing" that separated them back in summer camp. I mean, they were twelve, and never moved on? And then there's Mickey. Don't get me wrong, Mickey is a great best friend—Rachel's a lucky girl to have such a great friend. But again...wacky gay friend. This is something like the third or fourth book I've read where the straight female protagonist has a wacky gay friend. Plus Mickey meets several other overdone tropes: he's a black gay kid who was adopted by two Jewish lesbians.

It's cute, but depends on your tolerance for two emotionally miserable people involved with what's basically a rich person's gathering.

Christmas and A Lot More

Llewellyn's Little Book of Yule, Jason Mankey
I'd intended to borrow this book from the library. They had it two years ago. I took a photo of it to remind myself it was there. Then they remodeled. And poof, it was gone! Nor was it in the library system at all! In fact the library seems to have fewer and fewer books every time I go to it, and more computers. When I first moved to this county 30 years ago, the main library had wooden shelving way over my head and almost every shelf was stuffed with books. Now there are fewer, metal shelves, they are not even six feet high, and if each shelf is 1/3 full, that's a lot. Many of the shelves have only four or five books on them.

But I digress. I found it for a good price, so I bought it.

Unlike other Wiccan books, this does not solely concentrate on Wiccan practices only and acknowledges the Christian, Jewish, African-American, and other ethnic holidays that surround the Winter Solstice, talking about what formerly pagan customs were incorporated into the Christmas celebration itself. There's a history of midwinter celebrations, Wiccan craft projects you can do (some of them which can be adapted into just family crafts), histories of Christmas, Hanukkah, and Kwanzaa, going all the way through Epiphany and the wassailing of apple trees.

I found it a rather nifty little volume!

Be Good, Or the Krampus Will Get You!

St. Nicholas, in the "olden days," never traveled alone. Since he was a good and kindly fellow who could never condemn anyone, he required a stern companion to help him handle naughty children. Unlike Black Peter, who accompanied the good Saint in Holland and helped him hand out presents, this companion—known by names like Pelznichol, Belsnickel, Hans Trapp, etc—carried birch rods which were given to parents of naughty children to beat them (the modern equivalent would be the mild "coal in your stocking"). Of all these "punishers," Krampus was the most fearsome: he looked like a cross between a man and a goat, with cloven hooves on his legs, horns on his head, and a big long red tongue that lolled out three to four feet. Originally he took bad children and stuffed them in the big sack he carried upon his back.

This custom died out in the 20th century, but is now being revived, especially in Germanic European countries, as a scary but fun festival at Christmastime.

Krampus

Krampusnacht - December 5, 2022

Krampuslauf 2022 in Salzburg, Austria

 

Robin Hood, Sherwood Forest(ers), and Simple Fare

A Nottinghamshire Christmas, edited by John Hudson
I found the first of these Sutton Christmas anthologies (A Worcestershire Christmas, if you care) at a library book sale several years back, and another at a library sale a couple of years later. Anyway, these collections contain short excerpts of Christmas/Christmastide passages from various British novels, histories, memoirs, and poetry books, with the action taking place in the shire or historical era denoted in the title.

As with the Monmouthshire volume, this one has some unique entries. One is a history of Christmas customs in the area through the Victorian era, which spanned sixty years, in which some customs flourished and others died away. Several other narratives recount memories of the holiday in which, although budgets were small, the participants enjoyed the holiday season immensely. One account is a sobering revelation from one of the occupants of a workhouse, in direct contradiction to the glowing accounts of the rich of the feasts the "paupers" had on Christmas day. There's a fascinating description of a country custom called "Poor Owd 'Oss" that resembles the Welsh Mari Lywd ceremony, complete with the horse's skull. There's also a humorous account of how a butler inadvertently thwarted a fox hunt, partying 100 years ago, and a charming Robin Hood tale that has the outlaw and Maid Marian helping two orphans.

A very enjoyable entry in this series!

Bayberry ... An Original Christmas Symbol

First Sunday of Advent:

    "Wife make thine owne candle,
    Spare pennie to handle.
    Provide for thy tallow, ere frost cometh in,
    And make thine owne candle, ere winter begin."

                                                        . . . . . Thomas Tusser

From Eric Sloane's The Seasons of America's Past:

Bayberry candles were made during late autumn, when the berries were ripest. The bayberries were thrown into a pot of boiling water, and their fat rose to the top and became a superior candle wax. Bayberry candles burned slowly; they didn't bend or melt during summer heat, and yielded a fine incense, particularly when the candle was snuffed. So prized were bayberry candles that the gathering of berries before autumn in America once brought a fifteen-shilling fine.

The silver-gray berries of scented bayberry, known in England as the "tallow shrub," were for many years sent overseas as Christmas souvenirs from the New World. In the 1700's, the bayberry was more Christmasy than holly (which represents the thorns and blood of the crucifixion rather than the birth of Christ). The burning of a bayberry candle at Christmas was as traditional in America as the burning of a Yule Log in England. "A bayberry candle burned to the socket," an old verse goes, "brings luck to the house and gold to the pocket." Children seldom went to bed on Christmas night without the magic charm of a bayberry candle, and the perfume of the snuffed bayberry candle was part of that magic night.

Crime for Christmas

The Usual Santas: A Collection of Soho Crime Christmas Capers, from Soho Press
This is, as you can tell from the title, a collection of mystery/crime short stories.

In general, I like the stories in this book, but a few of the noir stories, like "There's Only One Father Christmas, Right?" "Martin," and "Queen of the Hill" were pretty dark and weren't favorites. There were other dark stories, like "Red Christmas," with its flashback to wartime Korea, that weren't quite as bad. Please note that most of these aren't "charming country house mysteries," but have grim settings or just plain situations where karma catches up with bad people, like the opening story "An Elderly Lady Seeks Peace at Christmastime," set in Sweden, and the titular story, which involves eight Santa Clauses working at a "Mall of America" type shopping complex.

Perveen Mistry, a woman attorney in 1920s India, figures in one of my favorite tales; Jane Austen solves a mystery on New Year's Eve in Bath; and the talented Peter Lovesey supplies a mystery cum ghost story set on a train--plus there are more. Enjoyable, especially if you can get into the noir pieces.

"On the First Day of Christmas, Moss Gave to Me..."

The Twelve Birds of Christmas, Stephen Moss

There are many stories about what the "12 Days of Christmas" song means, even going as far to say it's a Christian allegory. In truth it's a forfeit song, sung during Christmas games in the 18th century as a penalty for losing a game. You also may ask "Aren't there only six birds mentioned in the song?" Yes, technically...but Moss here makes a delightful case for the song referring to a dozen birds, from the classic partridge, turtledoves, chickens (French hens), blackbirds ("calling" birds is a corruption of the original word, "colly," meaning black), geese, and swans, to the yellowhammer ("yolring" corrupted to "gold ring"), nightjars (who supposedly "milked" goats' udders), cranes (who do a courting dance), grouse (who leap as part of their courting ritual), sandpipers, and woodpeckers (both for obvious reasons).

You pretty much need to be a bird lover to really enjoy this book, but if you are, it's a delight, but also a little bit sad, since you learn about so many birds, like the black grouse and the partridges, and especially the turtledoves, who are endangered species now because of changed farming methods. You'll learn that all swans in England don't belong to the queen, how Canada geese are an invasive species, the amazing spectacle of black grouse displaying themselves in order to find a mate, the origins of the domestic chicken, and more. The chapter about the nightjars are fascinating because they are such odd-looking birds and the belief that they sucked milk from goats--in reality they were eating the insects that surrounded barn animals--was really odd!

A Christmas Gathering Turns Deadly

The Dead of Winter, Nicola Upson
Detective Archie Penrose has an interesting Christmas proposition for Josephine Tey (Tey's real name was Elizabeth MacIntosh, but in this series Upson refers to her as a real person named Josephine Tey) and her partner Marta Fox: join him on the picturesque island of St. Michael's Mount for a lavish Christmas gathering which will benefit refugee Jewish children already fleeing from Hitler's tyranny; the castle on the island belongs to the family of his old friend Hilaria. He tells them he will be escorting a "famous actress" who will also be in attendance. To his surprise, one of the locals on the island is Reverend Richard Hartley, who he met 18 years earlier at the scene of a horrific murder. But the Christmas gathering is already getting tense: one of the guests is a Nazi sympathizer, Archie's "actress" is herself being stalked by Nazis, at least one of the guests isn't who they seem, and all sorts of secrets are being held on the island.

This is Upson's riff on a Agatha Christie mystery trope (people trapped in a remote location) crossed with a little social commentary. You are actually an eyewitness for more than one crime and know who some of the guilty are. The main charm of this book is that it's a mystery set at Christmas on a unique island off the coast of Cornwall, England, that can only be reached at low tide, and which was coveted by the Nazis. The family Upson portrays as owning the castle actually did, and the descriptions of the castle, the village, and the island people is very evocative and fascinating.

Some of the other plot choices seem odd. It was interesting to learn about "the Hollywood star"—a real-life person—that Archie brings to the island, but she seems to be in the story for no reason but to feature this particular person. Also, this time Josephine and Marta take a back seat in the investigation; it's nice to see Archie in action, though, so I didn't quibble too much. I ended up enjoying the story very much.

Note: In the United States this book is known as The Secrets of Winter, which isn't half as ominous as the British title.

Over the Border from Wales

A Monmouthshire Christmas, Maria & Andrew Hubert
Alan Sutton Publishing has a series of these "Christmas anthologies," the first which I bought at a book sale several years ago, and I try to pick up inexpensive copies when I can find them. Most of them concentrate on a certain shire or area in England, but there are a handful, like A Dickens Christmas and A Bronte Christmas that are set around an historic or literary era instead.

I knew nothing about Monmouthshire, so I was surprised and happy to discover it is just over the border from Wales (and now known as Gwent), so we have several entries about the Welsh Calennig custom (similar to caroling or "souling" in which groups go around offering songs and a decorated apple known as a "Monty"). While many of these books have excerpts from fiction, this book is comprised almost completely of memoirs from people from the early 1900s all the way until the 1960s of the uniquely Welsh customs like Plygain or Mari Lywd; or growing up poor or in orphanages, but still enjoying the small tokens they received at Christmas--one multi-page selection chronicles centuries of entertainment at Tredegar House, the manor house of the Morgans; while the narrative talks about pre-1900 parties, there are photos of 20th century entertainments, too. Caroling, a ghost story at a priory, and some commentary on Tintern Abbey also make for great reading, plus there are photos and engravings galore.

A very interesting volume of holiday memories to start off the season!

"Stir Up, We Beseech Thee, O Lord..."

Here once again is the "Last Sunday in Ordinary Time" in the Christian calendar. Next Sunday is the First Sunday of Advent, in which Christians begin to prepare for Christmas. In stores this means a frenzy of shopping and the putting up of Christmas decorations.

In the past this preparation was more subtle; it was behind the scenes. Christmas decorations didn't go up until Christmas Eve, and then they remained up until January 6, the Feast of the Epiphany. In the very oldest of traditions, you needed not take down your decorations until Candlemas, February 2.

The earliest preparation was that of the Christmas Pudding, or "plum pudding," which was made and then let rest (allowing all the alcohol in the mix to "settle in"). This was made on "Stir-Up Sunday," from the text for that Sunday from The Book of Common Prayer: "Stir-up, we beseech thee, oh Lord, the wills of thy faithful people; that they, plenteously bringing forth the fruit of good works, may be thee be plenteously rewarded; through Jesus Christ our Lord, Amen."

"The whole family participated in Stir-Up Sunday, with each member taking a turn to stir the pudding mixture—always from east to west to honor the journey of the Magi—making a wish as they did...Also symbolic is the notion that the Christmas Pudding should have thirteen ingredients to represent Jesus and the twelve Apostles. Traditionally, the ingredients were raisins, currants, suet, brown sugar, breadcrumbs, citron, lemon peel, orange peel, flour, mixed spices, eggs, milk, and brandy. (No plums.)"*

* from the Christmas 2021 issue of "Early American Life."

Harvestime

 

"Autumn arrives, array'd in splendid mein;
Vines, cluster'd full, add to the beauteous scene,
And fruit-trees cloth'd profusely laden, nod,
Compliant bowing to the fertile sod."

. . . . . Farmer's Almanac, 1818

The harvest moon was once used for...harvesting! People living without electric light over one hundred years ago had much sharper vision in the dark because they were more used to low light. When harvest time came, they would work under full moonlight to help get the harvest in more quickly.

Rudolph Day, September 2022

"Rudolph Day" is a way of keeping the Christmas spirit alive all year long. You can read a Christmas book, work on a Christmas craft project, listen to Christmas music or watch a Christmas movie. This month I've had an ARC to read!

Christmas Past, Brian Earl
Brian Earl has been doing the "Christmas Past" podcast for five years now; it's an enjoyable excursion into the traditions of the Yuletide season. Coming soon is this new book that distills some of his most popular episodes into print.

The book, which I assume is in color, rather than the black and white version presented in the Advance Reader Copy PDF, is excellent for a gift book for someone who's curious about where our Christmas customs come from. I have several books like this (Ace Collins, Clement Miles, Tanya Gulevich, etc.), but this has updated information and also includes modern traditions—most prominently about classic television Christmas animation, but the chapter about the snow globes was fascinating, too.

As Earl points out, a lot of the traditions go back so far that it's difficult to track down exactly where they started. However, I am puzzled by his chapter on "The Twelve Days of Christmas." It is indeed a "forfeit" song, sung for party games, not a Christian metaphor, and I remember singing about "colly birds" (rather than "calling birds") from when I learned the song in the 1960s, but at one point it states "On days six through nine, we have pipers piping and drummers drumming." Actually day six is the geese and day seven is the swans, it's days eight through twelve that are interpreted as other things than birds. (Hallmark's answer to the "five golden rings" in their recent "12 Days of Christmas" ornament set was to make the fifth day a ring-necked pheasant.) I'm not sure how that error made it into the book.

Otherwise, if you've never read a book about the history of Christmas, this is a good place to start; Earl has a nice chatty writing style, and the book is supplemented with illustrations and photographs and cheery graphics.

The Equinox Has Arrived!

Happy first day of fall!

Or is it?

Meteorological autumn, in fact, began on September 1; September 22 simply marks the autumnal equinox, the second time in the calendar year when the days and nights are of equal length (well, also depending upon which latitude you are situated at!).

Here's more information about what happens on the autumnal equinox, from Space.com.

This day is also the celebration called "Mabon." "Mabon is a pagan holiday, and one of the eight Wiccan sabbats celebrated during the year...[i]t also celebrates the mid-harvest festival (also known as the second harvest)...[t]o celebrate this holiday, pagans might pick apples. Apples are a common symbol of the second harvest." Read more about Mabon from this article from the Boston Public Library and also at The Goddess and the Greenman.

Here at Autumn Hollow we think of autumn as our "social season": first the Yellow Daisy Festival at Stone Mountain Park, then Taste of Smyrna three miles "up the road." The North Georgia State Fair usually opens around this date, but we don't usually attend because it's still too warm. Following will be the Georgia Apple Festival north of us in Ellijay, the Friends of the Library Book Sale, and then perhaps the little magical convention "Conjuration" at the beginning of November.

This is followed by Veteran's Day, of particular interest to my husband and myself because both our fathers were in the service, and then what's my favorite holiday after Christmas, Thanksgiving.

It's also a time of changing leaves and cooler weather, "the sweater weather" I love best, and autumn foods like fresh-picked apples, cinnamon-flavor things, and warm soups. All hail autumn!

Happy Valentine's Day!

Stars, Lovefeasts, and The Celebration of the Season

Moravian Christmas in the South, Nancy Smith Thomas

This is a beautiful coffee-table sized book about people of the Moravian faith who settled in Salem (now Winston-Salem), North Carolina, and their Christmas customs. The Moravian sect was founded in Prague by Jan Hus, and they originally emigrated from Europe to Pennsylvania, where they founded three towns, including Bethlehem, now the center of the Moravian community in the United States. The Moravians have a very distinct way of observing the Christmas season, centered of course on the birth of Christ, and including a celebration called a "lovefeast" and a decoration of a multipointed "Moravian star." However, unlike some other Protestant sects, which rejected Christmas because of the drunken revelry that came with it, Moravian society has embraced much of the secular side of Christmas that does not "go overboard," including Santa Claus, Christmas trees, caroling, etc.

So one of the treats of this book is that not only does it chronicle how Moravians have celebrated Christmas over the years, with excerpts from pioneer journals and Native American narratives, but it's also a pocket history of Christmas as it developed in the United States (Santa Claus spreading from the Dutch tales of St. Nicholas and reaching Pennsylvania as "Bellsnickle" or "Pelznichol," the Christmas tree coming from German immigrants and then given popularity by Prince Albert, etc.). The volume is illustrated liberally with drawings, artwork, exhibitions in New Salem, North Carolina, photographs, paintings, handbills, and documentation of historic Christmas celebrations.

As a publication of the Old Salem museum in North Carolina, this is a marvelously informative and very "kringly" overview of a specific society's Christmas customs.

Christmas Among the Spires

An Oxfordshire Christmas, compiled by David Green

Britain's Alan Sutton Publishing did a collection of these volumes for what looks like almost every shire in England, not to mention for historical eras (A Victorian Christmas, An Elizabethan Christmas, A Regency Christmas, etc.). I picked up A Worcestershire Christmas and A Surrey Christmas several years back at the library book sale, and have been buying them one by one ever since.

Oxfordshire Christmas takes place along the streets and around the city of Oxford. Many of the excerpts both factual and fictional talk about the simplicity of Christmases in the past: simple children's gifts consisting of an apple, an orange, sweets, nuts, and perhaps a penny or a sixpence. Little girls received dolls, lucky little boys got a little horse or car or perhaps a locomotive engine. Decorations were greens trimmed from the countryside and paper chains. Attending church services were de rigueur.

Another story tells the tale of the estate of the Lovells, the family involved in the ballad that became the famous poem "The Mistletoe Bough." Mummers and the St. George and the dragon play make further appearances, we read a Christmas piece from the famous "Miss Read," and two different excerpts from the "Lark Rise" series (as in the series From Lark Rise to Candleford). "Christmas in Banbury" features the account of a freezing winter, W. H. Auden sings the after-Christmas blues, an article examines Christmas hymns specific to the Oxford countryside, Pam Ayres sees—in wry verse—the frustration of the season, and a long tale proves that, through the years, all anyone can ever talk of on Christmas Day is the weather.

As always there's a ghost story, Christmas at a vast estate, the Boxing Day hunt, and more. A satisfactory edition of this series.

Happy New Year!